Definition and Examples of Argumentum Ad Misericordiam

Ad misericordiam is an argument based on a strong appeal to the emotions. Also known as  argumentum ad misericordiam  or  appeal to pity or misery. When an appeal to sympathy or pity is highly exaggerated or irrelevant to the issue at hand, ​ad misericordiam is regarded as a logical fallacy.  The first mention of  ad misericordiam  as a fallacy was in an article in the  Edinburgh Review  in 1824. Ronald Munson points out that [n]ot all mention of factors which appeal to our sympathies is irrelevant [to an argument], and the trick is to distinguish legitimate appeals from spurious ones (The Way of Words). From the Latin, appeal to pity   Examples and Observations Your Honor, my incarceration is cruel and unusual punishment. First, my prison-issued shower sandals are grossly undersized. Secondly, the prison book club consists mainly of prisoners who club me with books.(Sideshow Bob in Day of the Jackanapes. The Simpsons, 2001)This appeal to our emotions need not be fallacious or faulty. A writer, having argued several points logically, may make an emotional appeal for extra support. . . .When an argument is based solely on the exploitation of the readers pity, however, the issue gets lost. Theres an old joke about a man who murdered his parents and appealed to the court for leniency because he was an orphan. Its funny because it ludicrously illustrates how pity has nothing to do with murder. Lets take a more realistic example. If you were a lawyer whose client was charged with bank embezzlement, you would not get very far basing your defense solely on the fact that the defendant was abused as a child. Yes, you may touch the hearts of the juror s, even move them to pity. Yet that would not exonerate your client. The abuse the defendant suffered as a child, as woeful as it is, has nothing to do with his or her crime as an adult. Any intelligent prosecutor would point out the attempt to manipulate the court with a sob story while distracting it from more important factors such as justice.(Gary Goshgarian, et al., An Argument Rhetoric and Reader. Addison-Wesley, 2003) Germaine Greer on Hillary Clintons Tears Watching Hillary Clinton pretending to get teary-eyed is enough to make me give up shedding tears altogether. The currency, you might say, has become devalued. . .   Hillarys feeble display of emotion, while answering questions from voters in a cafe in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on Monday, is supposed to have done her campaign the world of good. If it has, its because people have wished a tear into her stony reptilian eye, not because there actually was one. What caused her to get all mooshy was her mention of her own love of her country. Patriotism has once more proved a valuable last refuge for a scoundrel. Hillarys clipped diction did not falter; all she had to do was take the steel edge off her voice and our imaginations did the rest. Hillary was human after all. Fear and loathing fled New Hampshire, Hillary scored against the run of play, and all it took was the suspicion of a tear. Or so they say. Can the moral of the story be: when youre up against it, dont fight back, just cry? As if too many women dont already use tears as a power-tool. Over the years Ive had to deal with more than one manipulative student who produced tears instead of w ork; my standard response was to say, Dont you dare cry. Im the one who should be crying. Its my time and effort thats being wasted. Lets hope Hillarys crocodile effort doesnt encourage more women to use tears to get their way.(Germaine Greer, For Crying Out Loud! The Guardian, January  10, 2008) An Argument That Raises a Warning Signal ​​Plenty of evidence has been presented that the ad misericordiam is both a powerful and deceptively misleading tactic of argumentation well worth careful study and evaluation. On the other hand, our treatment also suggests that it is misleading, in various ways, to think of the appeal to pity simply as a fallacious argument move. The problem is not that appeal to pity is inherently irrational or fallacious. The problem is that such an appeal can have such a powerful impact that it easily gets out of hand, carrying a weight of presumption far beyond what the context of dialogue merits and distracting a respondent from more relevant and important considerations.While ad misericordiam arguments are fallacious in some cases, it is better to think of the argumentum ad misericordiam not as a fallacy (at least per se, or even most importantly) but as a kind of argument that automatically raises a warning signal: Look out, you could get in trouble with this kind of argument if you are not very careful!(Douglas N. Walton, The Place of Emotion in Argument. Penn State Press, 1992) The Lighter Side of Ad Misericordiam: The Job Applicant Seated under the oak the next evening I said, Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.[Polly] quivered with delight.Listen closely, I said. A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he replies that he has a wife and six children at home, the wife is a helpless cripple, the children have nothing to eat, no clothes to wear, no shoes on their feet, there are no beds in the house, no coal in the cellar, and winter is coming.A tear rolled down each of Polly’s pink cheeks. Oh, this is awful, awful, she sobbed.Yes, it’s awful, I agreed, but it’s no argument. The man never answered the boss’s question about his qualifications. Instead he appealed to the boss’s sympathy. He committed the fallacy of Ad Misericordiam. Do you understand?Have you got a handkerchief? she blubbered.I handed her a handkerchief and tried to keep from screaming while she wiped her eyes.(Max Shulman, The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis. Doubl eday, 1951)

Women s Secondary Status The Status Of Women - 2319 Words

Committee: Commission on the Status of Women Topic: Women in Power and Decision Making Country: United States Background Women s secondary status is pervasive and durable. In such a trans-historical, cross-cultural universal social structure, women are still in unequal status with men in politics, economy, culture, knowledge, ideas, ethics and other fields. Even in their own family, women are still unequal from men. Male chauvinism thought that this patriarchal gender order is not only universal, but it is not going to change, because it is naturally formed. However, the feminist argues that the gender order is neither widespread nor permanent, because it is not natural, but constructed by society and culture with human factors. Feminism thus made a lot of important implications in Western society, including women s right for voting, more equal wage initiative in divorce, the emergence of safe abortion, right for sterility and rights of access to university education. But there is still a gap to fill and development should be made. For example, the executive branches of worldwide government exclude wom en largely. Only 18 percent of the appointed ministers are women, and assigned them to the basic department in the government. And few women are appointed as senior-level civil servants, or to represent their Governments at the international level. Female sexual abuse is also a serious problem in all regions. In Nigeria, treatment centers reported that 15% women who needsShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Socialization And Its Effects On Society1376 Words   |  6 Pagesbehaviour and punished for social deviance. We refer to them as primary as because they are the first social agents we come across in life. Secondary socialisation usually takes over from the average age of five. These are from more formal institutions that usually have different systems in place to discourage and reward certain behaviours. 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Rationale of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. LiteratureRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello As A Patriarchal Society1131 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in the sixteenth century were commonly dominated by a patriarchal society. Meaning their loyalty and respect lay amongst the men in their lives with little choice for opposition. In Othello by William Shakespeare, he portrays the role of women in a way typical to their representation in Elizabethan and Venetian society. While the women may be presented as mentally stronger than their male counterparts, the language given to these female characters suggest that they have internalized societyRead MoreWomen’s Representation in The Great Gatsby Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesWomen were not equal to men during the era of the 1920’s. 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Their secondary position in the binary, combined with economic deprivation, demeans and forces the Vietnamese women to prostitute themselves. Oblivious to the creationRead MoreThe Inequality Between Women And Women843 Words   |  4 PagesEven if we were to look outside of the workforce spectrum, women are treated unequally on the basis of property. Even though women have equal right to own and receive land, it is not a practiced in the culture of India. When looking at the society as a whole only men are ever seen and given the rights of land so they can carry on their family name. Majority of the inequality does not have to do with laws or policies but what has been engraved into the society. Till now many of the people in India

Essay Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre as a Cinderella Story

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre as a Cinderella Story Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre can be characterized in many ways as a variation of Cinderella. There are several versions of this popular fairy--tale. At the time Bronte’s novel was published, the Grimms’ book of tales, which included Cinderella, was very popular. According to Sally Mitchell, The serious interest in folklore was spurred by the translation, in 1823, of the stories collected by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. A version of Cinderella was also written by Charles Perrault. Both Perrault’s and the Grimms’ tales have a place in Bronte’s narrative. There is no specific evidence of her reading these yet, Bronte could easily have known two versions of the Cinderella tale: the†¦show more content†¦She tells her that she must always remain good and devout, and that God will help her and she will watch over her from heaven. Eventually Cinderella’s father remarries. His new wife has two daughters who although beautiful are said to b e black at heart. They are terribly mean to Cinderella and will not even let her eat with them because they say she did not earn it. She is forced to work and wear shabby gray frocks and wooden shoes. One day her father travels to the fair and asks the daughters what he can bring them. The materialistic sisters asked for fine clothes and jewels. Cinderella on the other hand, asks for the first twig that brushes against her father’s hat on his return. The sisters make fun of Cinderella for this, yet she took the twig and planted it on her mother’s grave. Her tears watered it and a great tree emerged. Cinderella would go daily to the tree and pray. A bird would always be there, and whatever Cinderella asked for it would throw down. Cinderella discovers at one point in the story the king is giving a festival to find his son a bride. Her stepmother tells her she can go if she picks out all the lentils that they threw in the fireplace. Cinderella agrees and calls to all the birds under heaven that come and help her with her task. Yet no matter what she did, her stepmother had no intentions of letting her go to the festival. After the others leave, Cinderella weeps on herShow MoreRelated Jane Eyre, the Cinderella Copy Essay589 Words   |  3 Pages Cinderella is a classic fairytale almost every person knows. Such recognition was earned through time and it’s originality. Yet from this well-known tale, many stories have stemmed into their own interesting aspects of virtually the same plot with similar characters. One of the related stories is Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «. Brontà « uses the main character Jane as Cinderella who finds her prince charming. Even though Jane Eyre contains more about human nat ure and less of magic, it still resemblesRead More Revision of Master Narratives within Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea2157 Words   |  9 Pagesmood of the time was. From there one will be able to discuss how they were revised, and if in fact they were revised at all. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bronte is known as one of the first revolutionary and challenging authoress’ with her text Jane Eyre. The society of her time was male dominated, women were marginally cast aside and treated as trophies for their male counterparts. Their main role in life was to be a mother and a wife, â€Å" Literature cannot be the business of a woman’s life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the moreRead MoreHow Does Jasper Fforde s The Eyre Affair Testify?1419 Words   |  6 PagesHow does Jasper Fforde’s The Eyre Affair testify to the importance of reading in the formation of one’s self-identity? Many aspects contribute to the formation of a person’s self-identity. 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This follows the narrative of a young Jane Eyre, starting as an orphan in a victorian society, she struggles to find a place to belong. After being branded as a troubled and mischievousness child she is sent to a religious christian school to learn her place. Here she finds a much needed friend

Cultural Preservation - 600 Words

Cultural Preservation: A nurse using cultural preservation endorses the utilization of methodically sound cultural practices (Huber, 2009). Example- An East Indian patient is about to go into surgery to have a tumor removed and the family wants to gather around the patient and pray over her before the patient heads to the operating room and the nurse encourages this behavior among them. Massage and meditation are other examples. Cultural Accommodation: By using cultural accommodation, the nurse assists and encourages the use of cultural practices that have not been proven harmful (Huber, 2009). Example- Some Jamaican cultures believe that salt can keep demons and spirits away. Allowing the patient to keep a bottle of salt at his or her†¦show more content†¦Vietnamese people are very family oriented and it is not unusual for 2-3 generations to be living together under 1 roof. Adults within the family are expected to care for their elders. The patient may feel abandoned by her family and may feel frightened because she speaks little English and on the other side, the patients family may feel like they are not there for the patient and may feel like they are neglecting their role as the family care giver. The nurse meets with the patient and family to discuss their concerns, and to formulate a care plan. The Family agrees to place the patient into a rehab center that allows family to stay 24 hours a day and assist with patient care. Each adult family member will take turns staying with her at the rehab center and will bring her food that the patient is accustomed to e ating. In doing this, the patient does not feel abandoned, and the adult family members can continue playing the role of care giver. Possible barriers that may occur in applying those strategy examples could include language barriers and the patient having no family or the patient may be mentally ill and is unable to comprehend things fully. 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In the early 1500 s, Europeans began building their empires in theRead MoreMulticulturalism Is The Preservation Of Different Cultures Or Cultural Identities Within A Unified Society?1669 Words   |  7 Pages Multiculturalism is the preservation of different cultures or cultural identities within a unified society, as a state or nation (Dictionary.com, 2013). Canada is a country full of many different ethnicities and cultures, but even though Canada is housing them, it’s just not working. Problems in multiculturalism are most prominent in three areas, the communities, the schools and the workforce. Multiculturalism in the communities are facing struggle because of the cities’ appeal to new immigrantsRead MoreFood Processing And Food Preparation1550 Words   |  7 Pagesand other detrimental substances do not affect food or lower its quality in any way. Often, consumers regard the eating experience as a primary factor when purchasing food produce/ products. These have to adhere to conventional eating habits and cultural anticipation of texture, flavor, colour, and appearance (Fellows, 2004). Nutritional value in terms of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals, essential fatty acids, just to name a few; is also a significant consideration. Since productRead MoreFood Safety And Food Security2003 Words   |  9 PagesInformation Council. They address issues such as sustainability, biological diversity, climate change,population growth, water supply, and access to food. The right to food is a human right derived from the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, recognizing the right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate food, as well as the fundamental right to be free from hunger. Food sources Most food has its origin in plants. Some food is obtained directly from plants;Read MoreThe Significance Of A Historical Society2150 Words   |  9 Pages The Montclair Historical Society or the Montclair Historical Center as it will be called in 2017, is a nonprofit organization promotes preservation, study and appreciation of local history. It was originally founded in 1965 to save the Israel Crane House, a Federal Revival style landmark home built by a local entrepreneur in 1796. It was relocated from Glen Ridge Avenue to its current location on Orange Road. Located next to the Israel Crane house’s new location is the Nathaniel Crane House. BuiltRead MoreEssay on Changes in the American Diet3384 Words   |  14 Pagesand iceboxes (Bowers, 2000). By 1950, eighty percent of families used electric refrigerators, and other appliances, such as toasters, were common (Bowers, 2000). Post-World War II America also saw great advances in methods for food packaging and preservation (Marcus and Spake, 2002). Blenders and food processors came on the scene in the 1960s and 1970s, as did nonstick cookware (Bowers, 2000). The 1980s saw th e development of microwaves, and the 1990s marked a continued trend toward convenience appliancesRead MoreThe Historic Preservation Laws Of The Street Art1739 Words   |  7 Pages Christopher J. Duerksen defined historic preservation law as â€Å"a collage, cutting across and drawing from several other established areas of law: land use and zoning, real property, taxation, local government, constitutional, and administrative.† Its purpose is to safeguard the historically important public property by implementing national, state, and local governments to regulate private property that is of substantial public interest and historic value. In this section I will deliver the brief

The Return Shadow Souls Chapter 12 Free Essays

string(74) " injuries were only more reasons why the kitsune twins had to be stopped\." Elena checked the edges of the hotel room’s draperies for signs of dawn. Bonnie was curled up, drowsing in a chair by the window. Elena and Meredith had been up all night, and now they were surrounded by scattered printouts, newspapers, and pictures from the Internet. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"It’s already spread beyond Fell’s Church,† Meredith explained, pointing to an article in one of the papers. â€Å"I don’t know if it’s following ley lines, or being controlled by Shinichi – or is just moving on its own, like any parasite.† â€Å"Did you try to contact Alaric?† Meredith glanced at Bonnie’s sleeping figure. She spoke softly, â€Å"That’s the good news. I’d been trying to get him forever, and I finally managed. He’ll be arriving in Fell’s Church soon – he just has one more stop first.† Elena drew her breath in. â€Å"One more stop that’s more important than what’s going on in that town?† â€Å"That’s why I didn’t tell Bonnie about him coming. Or Matt either. I knew they wouldn’t understand. But – I’ll give you one guess as to what kind of legends he’s following up in the Far East.† Meredith fixed dark eyes on Elena’s. â€Å"Not†¦it is, isn’t it? Kitsune?† â€Å"Yes, and he’s going to a very ancient place where they were supposed to have destroyed the town – just as Fell’s Church is being destroyed. Nobody lives there now. That name – Unmei no Shima – means the Island of Doom. Maybe he’ll find something important about fox spirits there. He’s doing some kind of multicultural independent study with Sabrina Dell. She’s Alaric’s age, but she’s already a famous forensic anthropologist.† â€Å"And you’re not jealous?† Elena said awkwardly. Personal issues were difficult to talk about with Meredith. Asking her questions always felt like prying. â€Å"Well.† Meredith tipped back her head. â€Å"It isn’t as if we have any formal engagement.† â€Å"But you never told anybody about all this.† Meredith lowered her head and gave Elena a quick look. â€Å"I have now,† she said. For a moment the girls sat together in silence. Then Elena said quietly, â€Å"The Shi no Shi, the kitsune, Isobel Saitou, Alaric and his Island of Doom – they may not have anything to do with each other. But if they do, I’m going to find out what it is.† â€Å"And I’m going to help,† Meredith said simply. â€Å"But I had thought that after I graduated†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena couldn’t stand it anymore. â€Å"Meredith, I promise, as soon as we get Stefan back and the town calmed down, we’ll pin Alaric down with Plans A through Z,† she said. She leaned forward and kissed Meredith’s cheek. â€Å"That’s a velociraptor sisterhood oath, okay?† Meredith blinked twice, swallowed once, and whispered, â€Å"Okay.† Then, abruptly, she was her old efficient self again. â€Å"Thank you,† she said. â€Å"But cleaning up the town might not be such an easy job. It’s already heading toward mass chaos there.† â€Å"And Matt wanted to be in the middle of it all? Alone?† Elena asked. â€Å"Like we said, he and Mrs. Flowers are a solid team,† Meredith said quietly. â€Å"And it’s what he’s chosen.† â€Å"Well,† Elena said drily, â€Å"he may turn out to have the better deal in the end, after all.† They went back to the scattered papers. Meredith picked up several pictures of kitsune guarding shrines in Japan. â€Å"It says they’re usually depicted with a ‘jewel’ or key.† She held up a picture of a kitsune holding a key in its mouth at the main gate of the Fushimi Shrine. â€Å"Aha,† Elena said. â€Å"Looks like the key’s got two wings, doesn’t it?† â€Å"Exactly what Bonnie and I thought. And the ‘jewels’†¦well, take a close look.† Elena did and her stomach lurched. Yes, they were like the â€Å"snow globe† orbs that Shinichi had used to create unbreakable traps in the Old Wood. â€Å"We found they’re called hoshi no tama,† Meredith said. â€Å"And that translates to ‘star balls.’ Each kitsune puts a measure of their power into one, along with other things, and destroying the ball is one of the only ways to kill them. If you find a kitsune’s star ball, you can control the kitsune. That’s what Bonnie and I want to do.† â€Å"But how do you find it?† Elena asked, excited by the idea of controlling Shinichi and Misao. â€Å"Sa†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Meredith said, pronouncing the word â€Å"sah† like a sigh. Then she gave one of her rare brilliant smiles. â€Å"In Japanese, that means: ‘I wonder; hmm; wouldn’t want to comment; my gosh, golly, I really couldn’t say.’ We could use a word like that in English.† Despite herself, Elena giggled. â€Å"But, then, other stories say that kitsune can be killed by the Sin of Regret or by blessed weapons. I don’t know what the Sin of Regret is, but – † She rummaged in her luggage, and came up with an old-fashioned but serviceable-looking revolver. â€Å"Meredith!† â€Å"It was my grandpa’s – one of a pair. Matt’s got the other one. They’re loaded with bullets blessed by a priest.† â€Å"What priest would bless bullets, for God’s sake?† Elena demanded. Meredith’s smile turned bleak. â€Å"One that’s seen what’s happening in Fell’s Church. You remember how Caroline got Isobel Saitou possessed, and what Isobel did to herself?† Elena nodded. â€Å"I remember,† she said tautly. â€Å"Well, do you remember how we told you that Obaasan – Grandma Saitou – used to be a shrine maiden? That’s a Japanese priestess. She blessed the bullets for us, all right, and specifically for killing kitsune. You should have seen how spooky the ritual was. Bonnie almost fainted again.† â€Å"Do you know how Isobel is doing now?† Meredith shook her dark head slowly. â€Å"Better but – I don’t think she even knows about Jim yet. That’s going to be very tough on her.† Elena tried to quell a shudder. There was nothing but tragedy in store for Isobel even when she got well. Jim Bryce, her boyfriend, had spent only one night with Caroline, but now had Lesch-Nye disease – or so the doctors said. In that same dreadful night that Isobel had pierced herself everywhere, and cut her tongue so that it forked, Jim, a handsome star basketball player, had eaten away his fingers and his lips. In Elena’s opinion they were both possessed and their injuries were only more reasons why the kitsune twins had to be stopped. You read "The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 12" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"We’ll do it,† she said aloud, realizing for the first time that Meredith was holding her hand as if Elena were Bonnie. Elena managed a faint but determined smile for Meredith. â€Å"We’ll get Stefan out and we’ll stop Shinichi and Misao. We have to do it.† This time it was Meredith who nodded. â€Å"There’s more,† she said at last. â€Å"You want to hear it?† â€Å"I need to know everything.† â€Å"Well, every single source I checked agrees that kitsune possess girls and then lead boys to destruction. What kind of destruction depends on where you look. It can be as simple as appearing as a will-o’-the-wisp and leading you into a swamp or off a cliff, or as difficult as shapeshifting.† â€Å"Oh, yes,† Elena said tightly. â€Å"I knew that from what happened to you and Bonnie. They can look exactly like someone.† â€Å"Yes, but always with some small flaw if you have the wits to notice it. They can never make a perfect replicate. But they can have up to nine tails, and the more tails they have, the better at everything they are.† â€Å"Nine? Terrific. We’ve never even seen a nine-tailed one.† â€Å"Well, we may get to yet. They’re supposed to be able to cross over freely from one world to another. Oh, yes. And they’re specifically in charge of the ‘Kimon’ Gate between dimensions. Want to guess what that translates to?† Elena stared at her. â€Å"Oh, no.† â€Å"Oh, yes.† â€Å"But why would Damon take us all the way across the country, just to get in through a Demon Gate that’s run by fox spirits?† â€Å"Sa†¦But when Matt told us you were headed to someplace near Sedona, that was really what decided Bonnie and me.† â€Å"Great.† Elena ran her hands through her hair and sighed. â€Å"Anything else?† she asked, feeling like a rubber band that had been stretched to its utmost. â€Å"Only this, which ought to really bake your cookies after all we’ve been through. Some of them are good. Kitsune, I mean.† â€Å"Some of them are good – good what? Good fighters? Good assassins? Good liars?† â€Å"No, really, Elena. Some of them are supposed to be like gods and goddesses who sort of test you, and if you pass the test they reward you.† â€Å"Do you think we should count on finding one like that?† â€Å"Not really.† Elena dropped her head to the coffee table where Meredith’s printouts were scattered. â€Å"Meredith, seriously, how are we going to deal with them when we go through that Demon Gate? My Power is about as reliable as a low battery. And it’s not just the kitsune; it’s all the different demons and vampires – Old Ones, too! What are we going to do?† She raised her head and looked deeply into the eyes of her friend – those dark eyes that she had never been able to classify as this color or that. To her surprise, Meredith instead of looking sober, tossed back the dregs of a Diet Coke and smiled. â€Å"No Plan A yet?† â€Å"Well†¦maybe just an idea. Nothing definite yet. What about you?† â€Å"A few that might qualify for Plans B and C. So what we’re going to do is what we always do – try our best and fall all over ourselves and make mistakes until you do something brilliant and save us all.† â€Å"Merry† – Meredith blinked. Elena knew why – she hadn’t used that diminutive for Meredith for more years than she could remember. None of the three girls liked pet names or used them. Elena went on very seriously, holding Meredith’s eyes, â€Å"There’s nothing I want more than to save everybody – everybody – from these kitsune bastards. I’d give my life for Stefan and all of you. But†¦this time it may be somebody else who takes the bullet.† â€Å"Or the stake. I know. Bonnie knows. We talked about it while we were flying here. But we’re still with you, Elena. You have to know that. We’re all with you.† There was only one way to reply to that. Elena gripped Meredith’s hand in both of hers. Then she let out her breath, and, like probing an aching tooth, tried to get news on a sore subject. â€Å"Does Matt – did he – well, how was Matt when you left?† Meredith glanced at her sideways. Not much got past Meredith. â€Å"He seemed okay, but – distracted. He would go off into these fits where he’d just stare at nothing, and he wouldn’t hear you if you spoke to him.† â€Å"Did he tell you why he left?† â€Å"Well†¦sort of. He said that Damon was hypnotizing you and that you weren’t – weren’t doing all you could to stop him. But he’s a boy and boys get jealous – â€Å" â€Å"No, he was right about what he saw. It’s just that I’ve – gotten to know Damon a little better. And Matt doesn’t like that.† â€Å"Um-hm.† Meredith was watching her from under lowered eyelids, barely breathing, as if Elena was a bird that mustn’t be disturbed or she’d fly away. Elena laughed. â€Å"It’s nothing bad,† she said. â€Å"At least I don’t think so. It’s just that†¦in some ways Damon needs help even more than Stefan did when he first came to Fell’s Church.† Meredith’s eyebrows shot up, but all she said was, â€Å"Um-hm.† â€Å"And†¦I think that really Damon’s a lot more like Stefan than he lets on.† Meredith’s eyebrows stayed up. Elena finally looked at her. She opened her mouth once or twice and then she just stared at Meredith. â€Å"I’m in trouble, aren’t I?† she said helplessly. â€Å"If all this comes from less than one week riding in a car with him†¦then, yes. But we have to remember that women are Damon’s specialty. And he thinks he’s in love with you.† â€Å"No, he really is – † Elena began, and then she caught her lower lip between her teeth. â€Å"Oh, God, this is Damon we’re talking about. I am in trouble.† â€Å"Let’s just watch and see what happens,† Meredith said sensibly. â€Å"He’s definitely changed, too. Before, he would have just told you that your friends couldn’t come – and that was it. Today he stuck around and listened.† â€Å"Yes. I just have to – to be on my guard from now on,† Elena said, a little unsteadily. How was she going to help the child inside Damon without getting closer to him? And how would she explain all she might need to do to Stefan? She sighed. â€Å"It’ll probably be all right,† Bonnie muttered sleepily. Meredith and Elena both turned to look at her and Elena felt a chill go up her spine. Bonnie was sitting propped up, but her eyes were shut and her voice was indistinct. â€Å"The real question is: what will Stefan say about that night at the motel with Damon?† â€Å"What?† Elena’s voice was sharp and loud enough to awaken any sleeper. But Bonnie didn’t stir. â€Å"What happened what night at what motel?† Meredith demanded. When Elena didn’t answer immediately, she caught Elena’s arm and swung her so that they were face-to-face. At last Elena looked at her friend. But her eyes, she knew, gave away nothing. â€Å"Elena, what’s she talking about? What happened with Damon?† Elena still kept her face perfectly expressionless, and used a word she’d learned just that night. â€Å"Sa†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Elena, you’re impossible! You’re not going to dump Stefan after you rescue him, are you?† â€Å"No, of course not!† Elena was hurt. â€Å"Stefan and I belong together – forever.† â€Å"But still you spent a night with Damon where something happened between you.† â€Å"Something†¦I guess.† â€Å"And that something was?† Elena smiled apologetically. â€Å"Sa†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I’ll get it out of him! I’ll put him on the defensive†¦.† â€Å"You can make a Plan A and Plan B and all,† Elena said. â€Å"But it won’t help. Shinichi took his memories away. Meredith, I’m sorry – you don’t know how sorry. But I swore that nobody would ever know.† She looked up at the taller girl, feeling tears pool in her eyes. Can’t you just – once – let me leave it that way?† Meredith sank bank. â€Å"Elena Gilbert, the world is lucky there is only one of you. You are the†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She paused, as if deciding whether to say the words or not. Then she said, â€Å"It’s time to get to bed. Dawn is going to come early and so is the Demon Gate.† â€Å"Merry?† â€Å"What now?† â€Å"Thank you.† How to cite The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 12, Essay examples

Undeniable Fallouts From The Edward Snowden -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question Discuss About The Undeniable Fallouts From The Edward Snowden? Answer: Introduction Information ethics is defined as a core part of ethics that focuses on the relationship between managing, distribution, formation, and usage of data and the ethical standards and moral obligations that perform the activities of governing human actions in society (Floridi, 2010). Information ethics provides a platform that deals with ethical nature of issue relating to information such as privacy of data, issues regarding information ownership, misrepresented facts and others (Ocholla, Onyancha, and Britz, 2010). This report will evaluate the case of Edward Snowden by using Doing Ethics technique (DET) and the ACS code of ethics. The DET technique did not necessarily provide the best solution for the ethical issue, but it assists in ethical evaluation of a situation. ACS code of ethics has provided six core ethical values that are mandatory to be followed by everyone in the society which assist them in behaving as professional and guide them to resolve ethical dilemmas. The case of Ed ward Snowden will be analysed in the report based on two techniques. The first technique focuses on analysing the facts and ethical dilemma in the case and the second technique evaluate the degree of ACS code of ethics influence over the case. Further, the report will analyse the statements of different authorities that were involved in the case and provided recommendations for the situation. Analysis of the Situation using the Doing Ethics Technique In 2013, Edward Snowden was held responsible for leaking the confidential data of National Security Agency (NSA). He was an employee of defence contractor Booz Allen Hamilton while working for NSA and a former CIA system administrator. Snowden leaked the data to the Washington Post and The Guardian (Scheuerman, 2014). The US government and various legal authorities stated that Snowden had breached the terms of Espionage Act 1917 which provide that leak of state confidential records is considered as an act of betrayal. Snowden argued that he did not breach any legal policies, instead he has made public aware of the wrongdoing of NSA which is a moral act. People have different opinions about the case as many individuals consider him as traitor whereas others consider his act was morally right. What are the facts? Following are various facts of the case which provide evidence regarding the morality or immorality of the action taken by Snowden. Edward Snowden is a former CIA agent who leaked the confidential information regarding the data mining program of NSA to the press through which the government collects and mines the data of millions of peoples phones and internet traffic information to identify any potential link to terrorists (Greenwald, 2014). As per the US government, Snowden breached and violated the policies of Espionage Act 1917. Snowden was a pre-employee of Booz Allen Hamilton before three months of the breach, and he accepted that he took that job only to gather all the information regarding NSA surveillance programs (Daily Mail, 2013). Many people praised the act of Snowden because it provided information about how NSA stores the information about people without their knowledge (Greenwald, MacAskill and Poitras, 2013). What are the issues? Following are the key issue raised in this case: The primary issue is whether the actions of the government are moral to implement a program which collected private data of people in order to collect information regarding potential terrorist activities. Snowden leaked the information about the program which let people know about the secret program of the government. US government is angry at the actions of Snowden since it portrays them as two-faced and negative affected their foreign relations. The lack of privacy reduces the peoples trust in the government. Snowden also flew away from the country after the incident which raised a question on his integrity and whether he should be punished for his actions. Who is affected? After the leak of NSA information, Snowden flew away from the country, and the government cancelled his passport. The provision of Whistle Blower Protection Act provides that he cannot enter the country because he had a contractual relationship with the government. Therefore, the entire incident had a negative impact on the life and career of Snowden (Chadwick and Collister, 2014). US Government The incident affected US government since it negatively affected their relationship with other counties. It reduces peoples trust in the country due to lack of privacy. The changes provided by Obama Administration restrict NSA from collecting the information about phone calls and internet traffic data of people without prior court approval (Lucas, 2014). Many countries including Russia, Brazil, and Germany decrease the number of commercial treaties with the country after the incident. Germany asked for investigating the operation of NSA to ensure that they are not spying on the country (Grier, 2013). The president of Brazil also cancelled his trip to the United States after the incident. Russian government stated that the incident of Snowden prove that the US government is two-faced (Nolan, 2013). Terrorists After the incident, the government shuts down NSA operations for collecting people data through internet traffic and phone calls which make it easier for terrorists to hide their identity in the country and plot their next attack. Terrorist groups can also kidnap Snowden to collect confidential information about US government which can be detrimental for the country. People were also affected by the incident because they find out that the government collects their information without them even knowing. It reduces the trust of public on the actions of the government. Many people were praising the actions of Snowden whereas others were opposing it by saying that it risks national security (BBC, 2014). Cloud Service Providers After the incident, many people doubt the services of US-based cloud service providers because they think that their data might be compromised and the government can the access their data without them even knowing. The incident caused substantial financial losses to US-based cloud service providers and reduced their profits (Naughton, 2013). What are the ethical issues and implications? According to Utilitarianism (consequence base) theory, the US citizens are happy with the actions of Snowden because it provides information about governments secret program which was violating their privacy and it resulted in ending such program. As per Deontology (duty base) theory, the government is unhappy because Snowden leaked their confidential data by breaching his duties. As per the provision of this theory, Snowden shouldnt have breached his duty against NSA and the US government (Murata, Adams and Lara Palma, 2017). According to Contractarianism theory, Snowden has breached his contract of services which make him legally liable as per Espionage Act; however, morally his actions are ethical. As per character-based (virtues) theory, Snowden is a good, honest and loyal citizen since he provides them information about the government program which was detrimental to their privacy (Branum, and Charteris-Black, 2015). What can be done about it? There are various alternative solutions can be applied in this case as per ethical theories. The government can waive the annulment of Snowdens passport and bring him back to the country for judging the incident by people. NSA is required to change their policies to ensure that they are not able to disrupt peoples privacy without prior permission from the court. The government should focus on bringing Snowden back since he is a potential threat to the country. Terrorists can capture him and torture him to collect all the confidential information regarding the US government programs which can compromise national security. Snowden can also reveal the information to terrorists for money; therefore, the US government should focus on bringing him back in the country. What are the options? There are various possible options available that can assist in resolving this issue. Snowden can never come back to the country which makes the US government unhappy since he is a potential threat to the country and terrorist can collect confidential data from him which can be detrimental to national security. However, not coming to the US again will make Snowden happy since he did not have to face any charges for violating his duties. The government can change its policies for collecting the information about people which disrupts their privacy. The change in policies will make people happy since it will protect their privacy but it will make the US government unhappy because it can increase the risk of potential terrorist attack. Another option is that Snowden comes back to the country which will make the US government happy since it reduces the risk of terrorist collecting confidential data of the country and the government can take legal actions against Snowden for breaching his duties. However, it will make Snowden unhappy since he will be charged with violation his duties even when his action was moral. Which option is the best and why? As per ethical theories and ACS code of ethics, the best option is that the US government should change their policies regarding the collection of private data of public without prior permission of the court. It is based on Character-based (virtue) theory, and it is best because it increases people trust in the country and improve their foreign relations. Snowden can also come back to the country if government change their policies and consider his actions as a whistle-blower. Analysis of the Situation from the point of view of an ICT professional using the ACS Code of Ethics ACS Code of Ethics provides that public interest is above all; the actions of an individual should consider public interest before the organisational or personal benefit. A person should ensure that his/her actions comply with society and governments regulations, and he/she should prioritise public interest above all (Burmeister, 2013). In the case of Snowden, he has followed the ACS code of ethics since he revealed the information to let people know that the NSA has breached their data. Snowden leaked the confidential data about NSAs data mining and information collection program which collects public data from telephone calls and internet traffics. He did not comply with his duties and violated government laws for the interest of the public. The Enhancement of Quality of Life This principle provides that actions of people should focus on improving others lives, especially who are affected by their work. The advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has a substantial influence on peoples lifestyle and overall society (McDermid, 2015). Snowden was aware of the fact that the program of NSA has a substantial influence on peoples lives that were living in the United States. The whole program was a breach of public privacy because it did not collect prior permission from the court (Di Salvo and Negro, 2016). By leaking the confidential files, Snowden let the public know about the program of NSA to ensure that they protect their privacy. Therefore, it can be stated that he fulfil the principle of improving peoples quality of life. Honesty In todays competitive business world, corporations have to ensure that their actions are taken based on integrity and honesty. The companies can misuse their power and use deception to cover their illegal activities which is strictly prohibited by the ACS code of ethics (Venables, Tan, and Pradhan, 2014). In this case, NSA was collecting people data without them knowing, and they were doing it without any permission from the court. The theft of data was a serious security breach which shows that NSA breaches the honesty principle. On the other hand, Snowden also breached the principle of honesty because the leaked the confidential data to the public. His actions proved his dishonesty towards the organisation due to which he loses the trust of stakeholders. Competence This principle means that a person should only accept such work which he/she is capable of performing. The individual should be competent to perform the work that he/she has accepted and should not hesitate to take advice from other professionals regarding the same (Warren and Lucas, 2016). A person should know and accept his/her capabilities and limitation about the knowledge of ICT. In this case, Snowden has both the option to reveal the information of NSA or keep it a secret to himself. He decided to leak the information in public by complying with the principles of improving peoples quality of life and prioritising public interest. However, he performs the action in a dishonest way. But, he was aware of the legislation and programs included in the case, therefore, in a manner, he fulfil competency principle of ACS code of ethics. Professional Development This principle provides that an individual should ensure that he/she is updated regarding the latest development, practices, and legislation in technology. A person should focus on increasing his/her awareness about the issues that are related to public and profession. A person should support the program which assists in developing ICT advancements that are focused towards satisfying the public requirements (Al-Saggaf and Burmeister, 2013). Snowden was aware of the advancements and practices in the organisation and the technology that use used by the employees of NSA to collect and store that private data of public. He updated his knowledge regarding the facts and programs of NSA and understood how they are collecting peoples data. He collected the confidential data and released it in newspapers for people to see. The government still believe that Snowden might be hiding more information about the program which he did not disclose to the public. Professionalism This ethic provides that a person should perform each action with professionalism. A person is required to maintain adequate professional standards while performing any action, and he/she should focus on enhancing the integrity of ACS. ACS assists in increasing people confidence and trust in the ICT industry by ensuring that members are maintaining professionalism in their actions (ACS, 2014). These principles assist in taking corrective actions against whistle-blowers. Snowden takes his actions professional which justify his actions as a whistle-blower. He leaked the confidential data against NSAs program which was breaching peoples privacy. On the other hand, as per NSA and US government, Snowden violated the Espionage Act and breached the national security which shows his unprofessionalism. Conclusion From the above observation, it can be concluded that there are various ethical issues in the Edward Snowden case which are analysed by implementing DET technique. The report provided that Snowden violated Espionage Act and breached national security for fulfilling his policies as a whistle-blower by revealing NSA confidential data in the press. The incident was analysed based on ethical theories to evaluate its morality and for examining options that are suitable in this case. The ACS code of ethics is evaluated in the report to address this issue. Snowden fulfil some of the ACS code of ethics and breached others such as he prioritises public interest, his actions enhance peoples quality of life and his competency. On the other hand, he breached various ethical principles as well such as professionalism, honesty and professional development. Therefore, although Snowdens actions have risked national security, he has protected the privacy of millions of people. Recommendations Following recommendations can assist US government in ethically handling the issues. The government should change their policies regarding collecting private information of public without prior courts permission which will improve their character and foreign relations. Snowden should be brought back to the country, and he should be protected as per whistle-blower since his actions protect the privacy of millions. The government should improve the security of its operations to avoid any leakage of data to terrorist groups. References ACS. (2014) ACS Code of Professional Conduct. [PDF] ACS. Available at: https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/rules-and-regulations/Code-of-Professional-Conduct_v2.1.pdf [Accessed 3 February 2018]. Al-Saggaf, Y. and Burmeister, O.K. (2013) A survey of Australian ICT professionals perceptions regarding the most common ethical problems they face in the workplace. InProceedings of the Seventh AICE Conference(pp. 43-48). BBC. (2014) Edward Snowden: Leaks that exposed US spy programme. [Online] BBC. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-23123964 [Accessed 3 February 2018]. Branum, J. and Charteris-Black, J. (2015) The Edward Snowden affair: A corpus study of the British press.Discourse Communication,9(2), pp.199-220. Burmeister, O.K. (2013) Achieving the goal of a global computing code of ethics through an international-localisation hybrid.Ethical Space,10(4), pp.25-32. Chadwick, A. and Collister, S. (2014) Boundary-Drawing Power and the Renewal of Professional News Organizations: The Case of The Guardian and the Edward Snowden NSA Leak.International Journal of Communication,8, p.22. Daily Mail. (2013) Edward Snowden says he took a job with Booz Allen specifically so he could gather information on NSA surveillance programs. [Online] Daily Mail. Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2347691/Edward-Snowden-reveals-took-job-Booz-Allen-gather-information-NSA-surveillance-programs.html [Accessed 3 February 2018]. Di Salvo, P. and Negro, G. (2016) Framing Edward snowden: A comparative analysis of four newspapers in China, United Kingdom and United States.Journalism,17(7), pp.805-822. Floridi, L. (2010) Information ethics.The Cambridge handbook of information and computer ethics, pp.77-99. Greenwald, G. (2014)No place to hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the US surveillance state. Macmillan. New York: Metropolitan Books. Greenwald, G., MacAskill, E. and Poitras, L. (2013) Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations.The Guardian,9(6), p.2. Grier, P. (2013) Are Edward Snowden NSA leaks messing up US foreign relations?. [Online] The Christian Science Monitor. Available at: https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Decoder/2013/0903/Are-Edward-Snowden-NSA-leaks-messing-up-US-foreign-relations [Accessed 3 February 2018]. Lucas, G.R. (2014) NSA management directive# 424: Secrecy and privacy in the aftermath of Edward Snowden.Ethics International Affairs,28(1), pp.29-38. McDermid, D. (2015)Ethics in ICT: an Australian perspective. Melbourne: Pearson Higher Education AU. Murata, K., Adams, A.A. and Lara Palma, A.M. (2017) Following Snowden: a cross-cultural study on the social impact of Snowdens revelations.Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society,15(3), pp.183-196. Naughton, J. (2013) After Edward Snowden's revelations, why trust US cloud providers?. [Online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/sep/15/edward-snowden-nsa-cloud-computing [Accessed 3 February 2018]. Nolan, R. (2013) 5 Undeniable Fallouts from the Edward Snowden Leaks. [Online] US News. Available at: https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/09/20/brazil-russia-and-the-impact-of-edward-snowden-on-us-foreign-relations [Accessed 3 February 2018]. Ocholla, D.N., Onyancha, O.B. and Britz, J. (2010) Can information ethics be conceptualized by using the core/periphery model?.Journal of informetrics,4(4), pp.492-502. Scheuerman, W.E. (2014) Whistleblowing as civil disobedience: The case of Edward Snowden.Philosophy Social Criticism,40(7), pp.609-628. Venables, A.T., Tan, G. and Pradhan, S. (2014) A collaborative framework for a cross-institutional assessment to shape future IT professionals.Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology,11, pp.215-223. Warren, M. and Lucas, R. 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E-Marketing Electronic Mails and Websites

Question: Discuss about theE-Marketingfor Electronic Mails and Websites. Answer: Introduction E-marketing deals with the direct approach of the company to the client through electronic mails, websites, internet sites and other social media. It is an efficient approach in order to attain a hassle free marketing framework for the organization (Strauss 2016). In this report, TinyType company has been taken into consideration. Started in the year 2014, TinyType is a Malaysia home-based wedding stationeries company that designs and prints wedding stationeries based on the needs and wants of the customer. The company designs wedding stationeries with the objective of meeting the imagination of the customer. E-Marketing Strategy The e marketing strategy for TinyType company should be quite efficient enough in attaining the objectives of the company. This needs to be done with better implementations of plans that have been decided by the organization. This segment deals with the discussion of the strategies to be listed for TinyType company could be stated as 4ps marketing mix strategies ad relationship management strategy. 4ps Marketing Strategies Product- being in the business for two years, the products offered by the TinyType company for wedding stationeries must be designed in such a manner that attracts the customers. By advancing the marketing towards the e marketing structure, the products that are offered to the customers, should be designed in an efficient way (Boone and Kurtz 2013). A section of customized products must be included, that would provide the customers with the opportunity to include their own ideas into the designs and templates being offered. Price- wedding stationery industry have been quite famous nowadays. The competitive status in such a market is quite high with the inclusion of new companies. Hence, the price of the product must be kept in such a manner, which suffices the competitive status of the organization. Competitive pricing strategy must be used. Place- using e marketing services, the company must be able to deliver the products all over the country. This meeds to implement a strong supply delivery chain, that would help in attaining a smooth product delivery option for the organization. Promotion- content plays a major role in the internet marketing of a particular product. TinyType with he aim of manufacturing and acquiring the best wedding stationeries for people all over malaysia, must maintain an attractive website. Videos, pictures must be implemented by the company thereby attaining the attention of the customers. Relationship Management Strategies Customer relationship management is an important aspect of the organization. It helps in maintaining a healthy relation between the producer and the customer (Best 2012). TinyType company must implement te best relationship management strategies that adhered tp the problem of the customers and communicate their feelings into ideas to be implemented. Implementation Plan Marketing Mix Tactics- the tactics to be used in order to implement the marketing mix strategies that have been framed should aim at targeting the customers between 20 to 30 years if age. The tactical tools for marketing must use the competitive pricing strategy along with various promotional tools (Nebenzahl and Jaffe 2013). Information gathering tactics- the information that must be gathered regarding the market structure should be dine through various surveys , that would help in attaining all the needs of the customers. Website analysis tactics- special analysts must be must be recruited for handling the website analysis of the company. They would help in maintaining the website forms, cookies, feedback e-mail, social media comments and likes, log analysis and business intelligence and secondary research. Conclusion E marketing has changed the marketing perspectives of the organization, which helps in enhancing the services of the organization in an efficient manner. The implementation of e marketing by TinyType company would help in framing a strong strategical framework of the organization. With the implementation of e marketing strategies and tactics to analyse these strategies would be helpful in framing the efficient business framework of the organization. Reference Strauss, J., 2016.E-marketing. Routledge. Boone, L.E. and Kurtz, D.L., 2013.Contemporary marketing. Cengage learning. Best, R., 2012.Market-based management. Pearson Higher Ed. Nebenzahl, I.D. and Jaffe, E.D., 2013. Measuring the joint effect of brand and country image in consumer evaluation of global products.Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science.